/* Count chars, spaces, tabs and newlines in a file */
# include "stdio.h"
main( )
{
FILE *fp ;
char ch ;
int nol = 0, not = 0, nob = 0, noc = 0 ;
fp = fopen ( "PR1.C", "r" ) ;
while ( 1 )
{
ch = fgetc ( fp ) ;
if ( ch == EOF )
break ;
noc++ ;
if ( ch == ' ' )
nob++ ;
if ( ch == '\n' )
nol++ ;
if ( ch == '\t' )
not++ ;
}
fclose ( fp ) ;
printf ( "\nNumber of characters = %d", noc ) ;
printf ( "\nNumber of blanks = %d", nob ) ;
printf ( "\nNumber of tabs = %d", not ) ;
printf ( "\nNumber of lines = %d", nol ) ;
}
using System;
class myclass
{
static void Main()
{
int num;
Console.Write("Enter a Number : ");
num = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
int quot;
string rem = "";
while (num >= 1)
{
quot = num / 2;
rem += (num % 2).ToString();
num = quot;
}
// Reversing the value
string bin = "";
for (int i = rem.Length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
bin = bin + rem[i];
}
Console.WriteLine("The Binary format for given number is {0}",bin);
Console.Read();
}
}
/* Demonstration of nested loops */
main( )
{
int r, c, sum ;
for ( r = 1 ; r <= 3 ; r++ ) /* outer loop */
{
for ( c = 1 ; c <= 2 ; c++ ) /* inner loop */
{
sum = r + c ;
printf ( "r = %d c = %d sum = %d\n", r, c, sum ) ;
}
}
}
/* Comparison of two pointer variables */
main( )
{
int arr[ ] = { 10, 20, 36, 72, 45, 36 } ;
int *j, *k ;
j = &arr [ 4 ] ;
k = ( arr + 4 ) ;
if ( j == k )
printf ( "The two pointers point to the same location" ) ;
else
printf ( "The two pointers do not point to the same location" ) ;
}
/* Program to interchange string3 with string4 */
main( )
{
char *names[ ] = {
"akshay",
"parag",
"raman",
"srinivas",
"gopal",
"rajesh"
} ;
char *temp ;
printf ( "Original: %s %s", names[2], names[3] ) ;
temp = names[2] ;
names[2] = names[3] ;
names[3] = temp ;
printf ( "\nNew: %s %s", names[2], names[3] ) ;
}
/* Use of strcmp() function */
main( )
{
char string1[ ] = "Jerry" ;
char string2[ ] = "Ferry" ;
int i, j, k ;
i = strcmp ( string1, "Jerry" ) ;
j = strcmp ( string1, string2 ) ;
k = strcmp ( string1, "Jerry boy" ) ;
printf ( "\n%d %d %d", i, j, k ) ;
}
/* Demo of union at work */
main( )
{
union a
{
int i ;
char ch[2] ;
} ;
union a key ;
key.i = 512 ;
printf ( "\nkey.i = %d", key.i ) ;
printf ( "\nkey.ch[0] = %d", key.ch[0] ) ;
printf ( "\nkey.ch[1] = %d", key.ch[1] ) ;
}
/* Two dimensional array */
main( )
{
int stud[4][2] ;
int i, j ;
for ( i = 0 ; i <= 3 ; i++ )
{
printf ( "\n Enter roll no. and marks" ) ;
scanf ( "%d %d", &stud[i][0], &stud[i][1] ) ;
}
for ( i = 0 ; i <= 3 ; i++ )
printf ( "\n%d %d", stud[i][0], stud[i][1] ) ;
}
/* Reads records from binary file and displays them on VDU */
#include "stdio.h"
main( )
{
FILE *fp ;
struct emp
{
char name[40] ;
int age ;
float bs ; } ;
struct emp e ;
fp = fopen ( "EMP.DAT", "rb" ) ;
if ( fp == NULL )
{
puts ( "Cannot open file" ) ;
exit( ) ;
}
while ( fread ( &e, sizeof ( e ), 1, fp ) == 1 )
printf ( "\n%s %d %f", e.name, e.age, e.bs ) ;
fclose ( fp ) ;
}
/* Demonstration of passing an entire array to a function */
main( )
{
int num[ ] = { 24, 34, 12, 44, 56, 17 } ;
dislpay ( &num[0], 6 ) ;
}
display ( int *j, int n )
{
int i ;
for ( i = 0 ; i <= n - 1 ; i++ )
{
printf ( "\nelement = %d", *j ) ;
j++ ; /* increment pointer to point to next element */
}
}
/* Use of const keyword */
main( )
{
float r, a ;
const float pi = 3.14 ;
printf ( "\nEnter radius of circle " ) ;
scanf ( "%f", &r ) ;
a = pi * r * r ;
printf ( "\nArea of circle = %f", a ) ;
}
/* Passing address of a structure variable */
struct book
{
char name[25] ;
char author[25] ;
int callno ;
} ;
main( )
{
struct book b1 = { "Let us C", "YPK", 101 } ;
display ( &b1 ) ;
}
display ( struct book *b )
{
printf ( "\n%s %s %d", b->name, b->author, b->callno ) ;
}
/* Use of #pragma */
/* Program to change execution of functions */
void fun1( ) ;
void fun2( ) ;
#pragma startup fun1
#pragma exit fun2
main( )
{
printf ( "\nInside maim" ) ;
}
void fun1( )
{
printf ( "\nInside fun1" ) ;
}
void fun2( )
{
printf ( "\nInside fun2" ) ;
}
/* Use of stringcopy function */
main( )
{
char source[ ] = "Sayonara" ;
char target[20] ;
strcpy ( target, source ) ;
printf ( "\nsource string = %s", source ) ;
printf ( "\ntarget string = %s", target ) ;
}
/* Insurance of driver - without using logical operators */
main( )
{
char sex, ms ;
int age ;
printf ( "Enter age, sex, marital status " ) ;
scanf ( "%d %c %c", &age, &sex, &ms ) ;
if ( ms == 'M' )
printf ( "Driver is insured" ) ;
else
{
if ( sex == 'M' )
{
if ( age > 30 )
printf ( "Driver is insured" ) ;
else
printf ( "Driver is not insured" ) ;
}
else
{
if ( age > 25 )
printf ( "Driver is insured" ) ;
else
printf ( "Driver is not insured" ) ;
}
}
}
/* Invoking a function using a pointer to a function */
main( )
{
int display( ) ;
int ( *func_ptr )( ) ;
func_ptr = display ; /* assign address of function */
printf ( "\nAddress of function display is %u", func_ptr ) ;
( *func_ptr )( ) ; /* invokes the function display( ) */
}
int display( )
{
puts ( "\nLong live viruses!!" ) ;
}
/* Use of break keyword in while loop */
main( )
{
int i = 1 , j = 1 ;
while ( i++ <= 100 )
{
while ( j++ <= 200 )
{
if ( j == 150 )
break ;
else
printf ( "%d %d\n", i, j ) ;
}
}
}
/* Writes records to a file using structure */
#include <stdio.h>
main( )
{
FILE *fp ;
char another = 'Y' ;
struct emp
{
char name[40] ;
int age ;
float bs ;
} ;
struct emp e ;
fp = fopen ( "EMPLOYEE.DAT", "w" ) ;
if ( fp == NULL ) {
puts ( "Cannot open file" ) ;
exit( ) ;
}
while ( another == 'Y' )
{
printf ( "\nEnter name, age and basic salary: " ) ;
scanf ( "%s %d %f", e.name, &e.age, &e.bs ) ;
fprintf ( fp, "%s %d %f\n", e.name, e.age, e.bs ) ;
printf ( "Add another record (Y/N) " ) ;
fflush ( stdin ) ;
another = getche( ) ;
}
fclose ( fp ) ;
}
/* A look-alike of the function strlen( ) */
main( )
{
char arr[ ] = "Bamboozled" ;
int len1, len2 ;
len1 = xstrlen ( arr ) ;
len2 = xstrlen ( "Humpty Dumpty" ) ;
printf ( "\nstring = %s length = %d", arr, len1 ) ;
printf ( "\nstring = %s length = %d", "Humpty Dumpty", len2 ) ;
}
xstrlen ( char *s )
{
int length = 0 ;
while ( *s != '\0' )
{
length++ ;
s++ ;
}
return ( length ) ;
}
/* Comparison of two pointer variables */
main( )
{
int arr[ ] = { 10, 20, 36, 72, 45, 36 } ;
int *j, *k ;
j = &arr [ 4 ] ;
k = ( arr + 4 ) ;
if ( j == k )
printf ( "The two pointers point to the same location" ) ;
else
printf ( "The two pointers do not point to the same location" ) ;
}
/* Macros with arguments */
/* Program to test whether entered character is digit */
#define ISDIGIT(y) ( y >= 48 && y <= 57 )
main( )
{
char ch ;
printf ( "Enter any digit " ) ;
scanf ( "%c", &ch ) ;
if ( ISDIGIT ( ch ) )
printf ( "\nYou entered a digit" ) ;
else
printf ( "\nIllegal input" ) ;
}
/* Program to calculate prime number */
main( )
{
int num, i ;
printf ( "Enter a number " ) ;
scanf ( "%d", &num ) ;
i = 2 ;
while ( i <= num - 1 )
{
if ( num % i == 0 )
{
printf ( "Not a prime number" ) ;
break ;
}
i++ ;
}
if ( i == num )
printf ( "Prime number" ) ;
}
/* Program to find length of string using strlen() function */
main( )
{
char arr[ ] = "Bamboozled" ;
int len1, len2 ;
len1 = strlen ( arr ) ;
len2 = strlen ( "Humpty Dumpty" ) ;
printf ( "\nstring = %s length = %d", arr, len1 ) ;
printf ( "\nstring = %s length = %d", "Humpty Dumpty", len2 ) ;
}
/* To test whether a bit in a number is ON or OFF */
main( )
{
int i = 65, j ;
printf ( "\nvalue of i = %d", i ) ;
j = i & 32 ;
if ( j == 0 )
printf ( "\nand its fifth bit is off" ) ;
else
printf ( "\nand its fifth bit is on" ) ;
j = i & 64 ;
if ( j == 0 )
printf ( "\nwhereas its sixth bit is off" ) ;
else
printf ( "\nwhereas its sixth bit is on" ) ;
}
/* Macros with arguments */
#define AREA(x) ( 3.14 * x * x )
main( )
{
float r1 = 6.25, r2 = 2.5, a ;
a = AREA ( r1 ) ;
printf ( "\nArea of circle = %f", a ) ;
a = AREA ( r2 ) ;
printf ( "\nArea of circle = %f", a ) ;
}
/* Subtraction of one pointer from another */
main( )
{
int arr[ ] = { 10, 20, 30, 45, 67, 56, 74 } ;
int *i, *j ;
i = &arr[1] ;
j = &arr[5] ;
printf ( "%d %d", j - i, *j - *i ) ;
}
/* Decoding date field in directory entry using bitwise operators */
main( )
{
unsigned int d = 9, m = 3, y = 1990, year, month, day, date ;
date = ( y - 1980 ) * 512 + m * 32 + d ;
printf ( "\nDate = %u", date ) ;
year = 1980 + ( date >> 9 ) ;
month = ( (date << 7 ) >> 12 ) ;
day = ( (date << 11 ) >> 11 ) ;
printf ( "\nYear = %u ", year ) ;
printf ( "Month = %u ", month ) ;
printf ( "Day = %u", day ) ;
}
/* Formatting strings with printf( ) */
main( )
{
char firstname1[ ] = "Sandy" ;
char surname1[ ] = "Malya" ;
char firstname2[ ] = "AjayKumar" ;
char surname2[ ] = "Gurubaxani" ;
printf ( "\n%20s%20s", firstname1, surname1 ) ;
printf ( "\n%20s%20s", firstname2, surname2 ) ;
}
/* Receives strings from keyboard and writes them to file */
#include <stdio.h>
main( )
{
FILE *fp ;
char s[80] ;
fp = fopen ( "POEM.TXT", "w" ) ;
if ( fp == NULL )
{
puts ( "Cannot open file" ) ;
exit( ) ;
}
printf ( "\nEnter a few lines of text:\n" ) ;
while ( strlen ( gets ( s ) ) > 0 )
{
fputs ( s, fp ) ;
fputs ( "\n", fp ) ;
}
fclose ( fp ) ;
}
/* Introducing pointers */
main( )
{
int i = 3, *x ;
float j = 1.5, *y ;
char k = 'c', *z ;
printf ( "\nValue of i = %d", i ) ;
printf ( "\nValue of j = %f", j ) ;
printf ( "\nValue of k = %c", k ) ;
x = &i ;
y = &j ;
z = &k ;
printf ( "\nOriginal address in x = %u", x ) ;
printf ( "\nOriginal address in y = %u", y ) ;
printf ( "\nOriginal address in z = %u", z ) ;
x++ ;
y++ ;
z++ ;
printf ( "\nNew address in x = %u", x ) ;
printf ( "\nNew address in y = %u", y ) ;
printf ( "\nNew address in z = %u", z ) ;
}
/* Input of strings containing spaces */
main( )
{
char name[25] ;
printf ( "Enter your full name " ) ;
gets ( name ) ;
puts ( "Hello!" ) ;
puts ( name ) ;
}
/* # define statement used to replace entire C statement */
#define FOUND printf ( "The Yankee Doodle Virus" ) ;
main( )
{
char signature ;
if ( signature == 'Y' )
FOUND
else
printf ( "Safe... as yet !" ) ;
}
/* A quick demo of nested if-else */
main( )
{
int i ;
printf ( "Enter either 1 or 2 " ) ;
scanf ( "%d", &i ) ;
if ( i == 1 )
printf ( "You would go to heaven !" ) ;
else
{
if ( i == 2 )
printf ( "Hell was created with you in mind" ) ;
else
printf ( "How about mother earth !" ) ;
}
}
/* odd loop using a for loop */
main( )
{
char another = 'y' ;
int num ;
for ( ; another == 'y' ; )
{
printf ( "Enter a number " ) ;
scanf ( "%d", &num ) ;
printf ( "square of %d is %d", num, num * num ) ;
printf ( "\nWant to enter another number y/n " ) ;
scanf ( " %c", &another ) ;
}
}
/* Usage of an array of structures */
main( )
{
struct book
{
char name ;
float price ;
int pages ;
} ;
struct book b[100] ;
int i ;
for ( i = 0 ; i <= 99 ; i++ )
{
printf ( "\nEnter name, price and pages " ) ;
scanf ( "%c %f %d", &b[i].name, &b[i].price, &b[i].pages ) ;
}
for ( i = 0 ; i <= 99 ; i++ )
printf ( "\n%c %f %d", b[i].name, b[i].price, b[i].pages ) ;
}
linkfloat( )
{
float a = 0, *b ;
b = &a ; /* cause emulator to be linked */
a = *b ; /* suppress the warning - variable not used */
}
/* Program to pass an array to a function by address */doc
main( )
{
int i ;
int marks[ ] = { 55, 65, 75, 56, 78, 78, 90 } ;
for ( i = 0 ; i <= 6 ; i++ )
disp ( &marks[i] ) ;
}
disp ( int *n )
{
show ( &n ) ;
}
show ( int *m )
{
printf("%d ",*m)
}
/* Program to input & print a string */
main( )
{
char name[25] ;
printf ( "Enter your name " ) ;
scanf ( "%s", name ) ;
printf ( "Hello %s!", name ) ;
}
/* Count chars, spaces, tabs and newlines in a file */
# include "stdio.h"
main( )
{
FILE *fp ;
char ch ;
int nol = 0, not = 0, nob = 0, noc = 0 ;
fp = fopen ( "PR1.C", "r" ) ;
while ( 1 )
{
ch = fgetc ( fp ) ;
if ( ch == EOF )
break ;
noc++ ;
if ( ch == ' ' )
nob++ ;
if ( ch == '\n' )
nol++ ;
if ( ch == '\t' )
not++ ;
}
fclose ( fp ) ;
printf ( "\nNumber of characters = %d", noc ) ;
printf ( "\nNumber of blanks = %d", nob ) ;
printf ( "\nNumber of tabs = %d", not ) ;
printf ( "\nNumber of lines = %d", nol ) ;
}
/* Execution of a loop an unknown number of times */
main( )
{
char another ;
int num ;
do
{
printf ( "Enter a number " ) ;
scanf ( "%d", &num ) ;
printf ( "square of %d is %d", num, num * num ) ;
printf ( "\nWant to enter another number y/n " ) ;
scanf ( " %c", &another ) ;
} while ( another == 'y' ) ;
}
/* Nested macros */
#define AND &&
#define ARANGE ( a > 25 AND a < 50 )
main( )
{
int a = 30 ;
if ( ARANGE )
printf ( "within range" ) ;
else
printf ( "out of range" ) ;
}
/* Calculation of gross salary */
main( )
{
float bs, gs, da, hra ;
printf ( "Enter basic salary " ) ;
scanf ( "%f", &bs ) ;
if ( bs < 1500 )
{
hra = bs * 10 / 100 ;
da = bs * 90 / 100 ;
}
else
{
hra = 500 ;
da = bs * 98 / 100 ;
}
gs = bs + hra + da ;
printf ( "gross salary = Rs. %f", gs ) ;
}
/* Count chars, spaces, tabs and newlines in a file */
# include "stdio.h"
main( )
{
FILE *fp ;
char ch ;
int nol = 0, not = 0, nob = 0, noc = 0 ;
fp = fopen ( "PR1.C", "r" ) ;
while ( 1 )
{
ch = fgetc ( fp ) ;
if ( ch == EOF )
break ;
noc++ ;
if ( ch == ' ' )
nob++ ;
if ( ch == '\n' )
nol++ ;
if ( ch == '\t' )
not++ ;
}
fclose ( fp ) ;
printf ( "\nNumber of characters = %d", noc ) ;
printf ( "\nNumber of blanks = %d", nob ) ;
printf ( "\nNumber of tabs = %d", not ) ;
printf ( "\nNumber of lines = %d", nol ) ;
}
/* Using pointer to access array elements */
main( )
{
char name[ ] = "Klinsman" ;
char *ptr ;
ptr = name ; /* store base address of string */
while ( *ptr != `\0' )
{
printf ( "%c", *ptr ) ;
ptr++ ;
}
}
/* Memory map of structure elements */
main( )
{
struct book
{ char name ;
float price ;
int pages ;
} ;
struct book b1 = { 'B', 130.00, 550 } ;
printf ( "\nAddress of name = %u", &b1.name ) ;
printf ( "\nAddress of price = %u", &b1.price ) ;
printf ( "\nAddress of pages = %u", &b1.pages ) ;
}
/* Demonstration of call by reference */
main( )
{
int i ;
int marks[ ] = { 55, 65, 75, 56, 78, 78, 90 } ;
for ( i = 0 ; i <= 6 ; i++ )
disp ( &marks[i] ) ;
}
disp ( int *n )
{
printf ( "%d ", *n ) ;
}
/* Macro expansion */
#define AND &&
#define OR ||
main( )
{
int f = 1, x = 4, y = 90 ;
if ( ( f < 5 ) AND ( x <= 20 OR y <= 45 ) )
printf ( "\nYour PC will always work fine..." ) ;
else
printf ( "\nIn front of the maintenance man" ) ;
}
/* Calculation of bonus */
main( )
{
int bonus, cy, yoj, yr_of_ser ;
printf ( "Enter current year and year of joining " ) ;
scanf ( "%d %d", &cy, &yoj ) ;
yr_of_ser = cy - yoj ;
if ( yr_of_ser > 3 )
{
bonus = 2500 ;
printf ( "Bonus = Rs. %d", bonus ) ;
}
}
/* File encryption utility */
#include "stdio.h"
main( )
{
encrypt( ) ;
}
encrypt( )
{
FILE *fs, *ft ;
char ch ;
fs = fopen ( "SOURCE.C", "r" ) ; /* normal file */
ft = fopen ( "TARGET.C”, "w" ) ; /* encrypted file */
if ( fs == NULL || ft == NULL )
{
printf ( "\nFile opening error!" ) ;
exit ( 1 ) ;
}
while ( ( ch = getc ( fs ) ) != EOF )
putc ( ~ch, ft ) ;
fclose ( fs ) ;
fclose ( ft ) ;
}
/* Demonstration of call by value */
main( )
{
int i ;
int marks[ ] = { 55, 65, 75, 56, 78, 78, 90 } ;
for ( i = 0 ; i <= 6 ; i++ )
display ( marks[i] ) ;
}
display ( int m )
{
printf ( "%d ", m ) ;
}
/* Calculation of total expenses */
main( )
{
int qty, dis = 0 ;
float rate, tot ;
printf ( "Enter quantity and rate " ) ;
scanf ( "%d %f", &qty, &rate) ;
if ( qty > 1000 )
dis = 10 ;
tot = ( qty * rate ) - ( qty * rate * dis / 100 ) ;
printf ( "Total expenses = Rs. %f", tot ) ;
}
#include <stdio.h>
main ( int argc, char *argv[ ] )
{
FILE *fs, *ft ;
char ch ;
if ( argc != 3 )
{
puts ( "Improper number of arguments" ) ;
exit( ) ;
}
fs = fopen ( argv[1], "r" ) ;
if ( fs == NULL )
{
puts ( "Cannot open source file" ) ;
exit( ) ;
}
ft = fopen ( argv[2], "w" ) ;
if ( ft == NULL )
{
puts ( "Cannot open target file" ) ;
fclose ( fs ) ;
exit( ) ;
}
while ( 1 )
{
ch = fgetc ( fs ) ;
if ( ch == EOF )
break ;
else
fputc ( ch, ft ) ;
}
fclose ( fs ) ;
fclose ( ft ) ;
}
/* Display contents of a file on screen. */
# include "stdio.h"
main( )
{
FILE *fp ;
char ch ;
fp = fopen ( "PR1.C", "r" ) ;
while ( 1 )
{
ch = fgetc ( fp ) ;
if ( ch == EOF )
break ;
printf ( "%c", ch ) ;
}
fclose ( fp ) ;
}
/* Use of array */
/* Program to calculate average marks of 30 students */main( )
{
int avg, sum = 0 ;
int i ;
int marks[30] ; /* array declaration */
for ( i = 0 ; i <= 29 ; i++ )
{
printf ( "\nEnter marks " ) ;
scanf ( "%d", &marks[i] ) ; /* store data in array */
}
for ( i = 0 ; i <= 29 ; i++ )
sum = sum + marks[i] ; /* read data from an array*/
avg = sum / 30 ;
printf ( "\nAverage marks = %d", avg ) ;
}
main( )
{
char name[ ] = "Klinsman" ;
int i = 0 ;
while ( i <= 7 )
{
printf ( "%c", name[i] ) ;
i++ ;
}
}
#define UPPER 25
main( )
{
int i ;
for ( i = 1 ; i <= UPPER ; i++ )
printf ( "\n%d", i ) ;
}
main( )
{
int num ;
printf ( "Enter a number less than 10 " ) ;
scanf ( "%d", &num ) ;
if ( num <= 10 )
printf ( "What an obedient servant you are !" ) ;
}
main( )
{
int p, n ;
float r, si ;
p = 1000 ;
n = 3 ;
r = 8.5 ;
/* formula for simple interest */
si = p * n * r / 100 ;
printf ( "%f" , si ) ;
}
